Molecular Hydrogen Research
Over the past 13 years, molecular hydrogen research has rapidly expanded, with more than 2,000 published scientific articles exploring the health benefits of hydrogen therapy across different methods of consumption. Human clinical trials have now surpassed 120 published studies, with findings showing that hydrogen therapy supports nearly every organ system in the body.
As of the latest update, there are 128 peer-reviewed publications specifically on hydrogen therapy in humans. The majority (68 studies) focus on drinking hydrogen-rich water, which remains the most studied and promising delivery method. Other approaches include:
Hydrogen inhalation therapy – 25 studies
Hydrogen-rich saline – 11 studies
Topical hydrogen therapy (including hydrogen water bathing) – 10 studies
Internal hydrogen generation methods – 3 studies, including hydrogen tablets and other delivery innovations
In some cases, multiple administration methods were tested within the same study, bringing the total number of delivery approaches to 130 documented methods.
Importantly, of the 124 human trials, 120 reported positive benefits, representing a 97% success rate. While these results are highly encouraging, it’s worth noting that most are phase I or phase II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Large-scale phase III multicenter studies have yet to be conducted, and standardized dosing, timing, and delivery guidelines are still under investigation.
The OG Hydr8 molecular hydrogen research database compiles and organizes this expanding body of knowledge for both researchers and consumers. While the findings show exciting potential, this information is not intended to diagnose, treat, or cure any disease—instead, it provides a foundation for future research and greater understanding of how hydrogen therapy may support overall wellness.
Metabolic and Mitochondrial Research
Athletic Performance, Recovery, and Athlete Health
Brain Recovery From Acute Injury, Neurological Conditions, and Brain Health
Skin
Metabolic and Mitochondrial Research
There are currently 15+ publications on human trials for hydrogen therapy and various metabolic outcomes. Hydrogen water is the most common mode of delivery, with hydrogen water research accounting for twelve of the publications. Two publications discuss ways to produce molecular hydrogen within the body, and one discusses hydrogen inhalation.
1. Diabetes Type 2 – Hydrogen Water
Kajiyama, S. et al. (2008). Supplementation of hydrogen-rich water improves lipid and glucose metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance. Nutrition Research, 28(3): 137–143.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19083400/
2. Metabolic Syndrome – Hydrogen Water
Nakao, A. et al. (2010). Effectiveness of hydrogen-rich water on antioxidant status of subjects with potential metabolic syndrome—An open label pilot study. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, 46(2): 140–149.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2831093/
3. Metabolic Syndrome – Hydrogen Water
Song, G. et al. (2013). Hydrogen-rich water decreases serum LDL-cholesterol levels and improves HDL function in patients with potential metabolic syndrome. Journal of Lipid Research, 54(7): 1884–93.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23610159/
4. High Cholesterol – Hydrogen Water
Song, G. et al. (2015). Hydrogen activates ATP-binding cassette transporter A1-dependent efflux ex vivo and improves HDL function in patients with hypercholesterolemia: A double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 100(7): 2724–33.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25978109/
5. Mitochondrial and Inflammatory Myopathies – Hydrogen Water
Ito, M. et al. (2011). Open-label and randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial of hydrogen-enriched water for mitochondrial and inflammatory myopathies. Medical Gas Research, 1:24.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3231939/
6. Body Composition & Metabolism – Oral H₂ Tablets
Korovljev, D. et al. (2018). Molecular hydrogen affects body composition, metabolic profiles, and mitochondrial function in middle-aged overweight women. Irish Journal of Medical Science, 87(1): 85–89.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28560519/
7. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) – Hydrogen Water
Korovljev, D. & Ostojic, S. M. (2019). Hydrogen-rich water reduces liver fat accumulation and improves liver enzyme profiles in patients with NAFLD: A randomized controlled pilot trial. Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology, 4(6): 688–693.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2210740119300853/
8. Secondary Analysis on NAFLD (HOMA2-Insulin Sensitivity) – Hydrogen Water
Korovljev, D. et al. (2019). Hydrogen-rich water positively affects HOMA2 variables in physically inactive population. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 11(1): 7.
https://bmcsportsscimedrehabil.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s13102-019-0119-7.pdf
9. Vascular Endothelial Function – Hydrogen Water (High Acute Dose)
Sakai, T. et al. (2014). Consumption of water containing over 3.5 mg of dissolved hydrogen could improve vascular endothelial function. Vascular Health and Risk Management, 10: 591–597.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4207582/
10. Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Elderly – Hydrogen Inhalation
Korovljev, D. et al. (2018). Hydrogen inhalation positively affects cardiometabolic risk factors in men and women aged 65 years or older: A preliminary report. European Geriatric Medicine, 9: 729–730.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41999-018-0087-6
11. IL-1β mRNA Reduction in Type 2 Diabetics – Acarbose for Internal H₂ Production
Tamasawa, A. & Osonoi, T. (2015). Hydrogen gas production is associated with reduced interleukin-1β mRNA in peripheral blood after a single dose of acarbose in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients. European Journal of Pharmacology, 762: 96–101.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014299915004136
12. Body Composition, Blood Lipids & Inflammation – Hydrogen Water
LeBaron, T. W. et al. (2020). The effects of 24-week high-concentration hydrogen-rich water on body composition, blood lipid profiles and inflammation biomarkers in metabolic syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity, 13: 889–896.
https://www.dovepress.com/the-effects-of-24-week-high-concentration-hydrogen-rich-water-on-body–peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-DMSO
13. Peripheral Endothelial Function – Hydrogen Water
Ishibashi, T. et al. (2020). Peripheral endothelial function can be improved by daily consumption of water containing over 7 ppm of dissolved hydrogen: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One, 15(5): e0233484.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32470022/
14. Peripheral Arterial Disease – Hydrogen Water
Gu, Q. et al. (2020). Effects of drinking hydrogen-rich water in men at risk of peripheral arterial disease: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. ResearchGate.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348283792_Effects_of_drinking_hydrogen-rich_water_in_men_at_risk_of_peripheral_arterial_disease_a_randomized_placebo-controlled_trial
15. Antioxidant Activity, DNA Damage & Diabetes – Hydrogen Water
Asada, R. et al. (2020). Effects of hydrogen-rich water prepared by alternating-current-electrolysis on antioxidant activity, DNA oxidative injuries, and diabetes-related markers. Medical Gas Research, 10(3): 114–121.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8086617/
16. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease – Hydrogen/Oxygen Inhalation
Tao, G. et al. (2022). A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of hydrogen/oxygen inhalation for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcmm.17456
17. Biological Effects of Hydrogen Water in NAFLD
Kura, B. et al. (2022). Biological effects of hydrogen water on subjects with NAFLD: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Antioxidants, 11(10): 1935.
https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11101935
18. Hypertension in Midlife/Older Adults – Hydrogen-Oxygen Inhalation
Liu, B. et al. (2022). The effect of a low dose hydrogen-oxygen mixture inhalation in midlife/older adults with hypertension: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13: 1025487.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.1025487
19. Hydrogen Inhalation Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes
Lin, G. & Ni, T. (2022). Efficacy and safety of hydrogen inhalation therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with poor response to metformin. Advances in Clinical Medicine, 12(10): 9605–9612.
https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.12101389
20. Hydrogen Inhalation as Adjunct Treatment in Type 2 Diabetes
Zhao, Z. et al. (2022). Effectiveness and safety of hydrogen inhalation as an adjunct treatment in Chinese type 2 diabetes patients. Frontiers in Endocrinology.
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2022.1114221/full
Athletic Performance, Recovery, and Athlete Health
There are currently 36 human studies on hydrogen therapy, investigating outcomes related to athletic performance, recovery, athlete health, and sports injury rehabilitation. Most research focuses on hydrogen water, with 26 studies examining oral consumption (one study found no benefit), four studies using topical hydrogen water or hydrogen gel, four using hydrogen inhalation, one using hydrogen tablets, one using H₂-rich calcium powder, and one using an H₂-infused beverage. One study included a two-pronged intervention of oral tablets and topical hydrogen gel, accounting for the discrepancy in totals.
Key Research Findings on Hydrogen Therapy for Athletes
1. Enhanced Endurance and Reduced Fatigue – Hydrogen Water
Mikami et al., 2019 – Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
Drinking hydrogen water improves endurance and reduces psychometric fatigue in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
2. Improved Gut Flora in Female Athletes – Hydrogen Water
Sha et al., 2018 – Medical Gas Research
Long-term hydrogen water consumption enhances antioxidant activity and positively influences gut microbiota in female soccer players.
3. Reduced Submaximal Heart Rate During VO₂Max Tests – Acute Hydrogen Water
LeBaron et al., 2019 – Journal of Lifestyle Medicine
Acute supplementation with hydrogen water benefits submaximal exercise indices.
4. Increased VO₂Max and Work Capacity – Hydrogen Water
Ostojic et al., 2018 – Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
A 28-day hydrogen water supplementation program improves exercise capacity in overweight women.
5. Protection Against Free Radical Injury – Hydrogen Water
Sun & Sun, 2017 – Biomedical Research
Hydrogen water protects athletes from oxidative damage after high-intensity exercise.
6. Positive Redox Effects After Strenuous Exercise – Hydrogen Water
Shibayama et al., 2017 – Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
Hydrogen-rich water supports redox balance after consecutive days of strenuous exercise.
7. Reduced Muscle Fatigue – Hydrogen Water
Aokia et al., 2012 – Medical Gas Research
Hydrogen water intake can reduce muscle fatigue in elite athletes.
8. Improved Performance in Prolonged Intermittent Exercise – Hydrogen Water
Da Ponte et al., 2017 – Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness
Hydrogen water supports sustained performance during intermittent exercise.
9. Mitigating Exercise-Induced Acidosis – Hydrogen Water
Drid et al., 2016 – Science & Sports
Molecular hydrogen can aid post-exercise recovery in female athletes.
10. Soft Tissue Injury Recovery – Oral and Topical Hydrogen
Ostojic et al., 2015 – Postgraduate Medicine
Hydrogen therapy supports recovery from sports-related soft tissue injuries.
11–39. Other Key Studies
Research also highlights benefits of hydrogen for ventilatory responses, oxidative stress mitigation, recovery from acute injuries, lactic acid reduction, enhanced peak oxygen uptake, and cognitive performance improvements. Notable studies include:
Overall, the evidence suggests that hydrogen therapy—via water, topical application, inhalation, or H₂-rich products—can enhance athletic performance, support recovery, reduce fatigue, and protect against oxidative stress in both amateur and professional athletes.
Brain Recovery From Acute Injury, Neurological Conditions, and Brain Health
There are currently 17 publications exploring various neurological outcomes from hydrogen therapy in humans. Regarding hydrogen therapy and the brain, the methods are diverse: seven of the 16 studies involve hydrogen water (although one did not find a benefit), six studies used hydrogen inhalation (with two reporting no benefit), two studies used hydrogen-rich saline, one study used intravenous hydrogen therapy, and one used an H2-infused, nitric oxide-producing functional beverage.
1. Mild Cognitive Impairment, Hydrogen Water
2. Improving Outcomes of Alzheimer’s, Hydrogen Inhalation
3. Acute Cerebral Infarction, Hydrogen Inhalation
4. Acute Cerebral Ischemia, Hydrogen Inhalation
5. Acute Brain Stem Infarct, Hydrogen Saline + Edaravone
6. Acute Cerebral Infarction, Hydrogen Saline + Edaravone
7. Newborn Abnormal Neurological Function, Hydrogen Water
8. Parkinson’s, Hydrogen Water
9. Parkinson’s Disease, No Result, Hydrogen Water
Yoritaka et al., (2018). Randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial of hydrogen water for Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders.
Note: This trial had significant placebo issues; both groups received high-dose hydrogen. Benefits were seen in both groups, so no conclusion can be drawn about efficacy. A 52-week, 70-participant trial is currently underway in the USA: Clinical trial registration. H2 cannot currently be recommended for Parkinson’s disease.
10. Parkinson’s Disease, No Result, Hydrogen Inhalation
11. Concussion Recovery Case Study, Hydrogen Water (Our Hydrogen Tablets)
12. Cognitive Function in Elderly, Hydrogen Inhalation
13. Hydrogen Water vs. Caffeine for Improving Alertness After Sleep Deprivation (Our Hydrogen Water Tablets)
14. Photobiomodulation on Parkinson Disease, Hydrogen Water
15. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Intravenous Hydrogen Therapy
16. Parkinson’s Disease, No Result, Hydrogen Inhalation
17. Neuroprotective Agent for TBIs and Concussions, H2-Infused Nitric Oxide-Producing Beverage
Skin
There are currently 12 publications exploring various skin-related outcomes from hydrogen therapy in humans. Five of these studies used topical hydrogen water, three used consumed hydrogen water, two used hydrogen-rich saline, and one used hydrogen inhalation. One study explored inhaled hydrogen, consumed hydrogen water, and hydrogen-rich saline simultaneously, giving 13 methods of administration across 11 publications.
1. Psoriasis, Hydrogen Water Baths
Zhu, Q., Wu, Y., Li, Y, Chen. Z., Wang, L., Xiong, H., Dai, E., Wu, J., Fan, B., Ping, L., Luo, X. (2018). Positive effects of hydrogen-water bathing in patients of psoriasis and parapsoriasis en plaques. Sci Rep 8, 8051
2. Wrinkles Reduction, Hydrogen Water Baths
Kato, S., Saitoh, Y., Iwai, K., & Miwa, N. (2012). Hydrogen-rich electrolyzed warm water represses wrinkle formation against UVA ray together with type-I collagen production and oxidative-stress diminishment in fibroblasts and cell-injury prevention in keratinocytes. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, 106, 24–33
3. Red Skin/Inflamed Diseases, Hydrogen Saline
Ono, H., Nishijima, Y., Adachi, N., Sakamoto, M., Kudo, Y., Nakazawa, J., Kaneko, K., & Nakao, A. (2012). Hydrogen (H₂) treatment for acute erythymatous skin diseases: A report of 4 patients with safety data and a non-controlled feasibility study with H₂ concentration measurement on two volunteers. Medical Gas Research, 2(1):14
4. Psoriasis, Skin Lesions, Case Studies, Hydrogen Water + Saline + Gas
Ishibashi, T., Ichikawa, M., Sato, B., Shibata, S., Hara, Y., Naritomi, Y., Okazaki, K., Nakashima, Y., Iwamoto, Y., Koyanagi, S., Hara, H., & Nagao, T. (2015). Improvement of psoriasis-associated arthritis and skin lesions by treatment with molecular hydrogen: A report of three cases. Molecular Medicine Reports, 12(2): 2757–64
5. Pressure Ulcers, Hydrogen Water
Li, Q., Kato, S., Matsuoka, D., Tanaka, H., & Miwa, N. (2013). Hydrogen water intake via tube-feeding for patients with pressure ulcer and its reconstructive effects on normal human skin cells in vitro. Medical Gas Research, 3(1):20
6. Graft vs. Host Disease Case Study, Hydrogen Water (Drinking)
Qian, L.-R., & Shen, J.-L. (2016). Successful treatment with hydrogen-rich water in a case of chronic graft-versus-host-disease. Medical Gas Research, 6(3):177–179
7. UV Damage in Skin in Vivo, Topical Hydrogen Water
Shin, M. H., Park, R., Nojima, H., Kim, H.-C., Kim, Y. K., & Chung, J. H. (2013). Atomic hydrogen surrounded by water molecules, H(H₂O)m, modulates basal and UV-induced gene expressions in human skin in vivo. PLOS One, 8(4): e61696
8. Keratin Plugged Hair Pores, Hydrogen Water Baths
Tanaka, Y., Saitoh, Y., & Miwa, N. (2018). Electrolytically generated hydrogen warm water cleanses the keratin-plug-clogged hair-pores and promotes the capillary blood-streams more markedly than normal warm water. Medical Gas Research, 8(1):12–18
9. Visceral Fat and Skin Blotches, Hydrogen Water Baths
Asada, R., Saitoh, Y., & Miwa, N. (2019). Effects of hydrogen-rich water bath on visceral fat and skin blotch, with boiling-resistant hydrogen bubbles. Medical Gas Research, 9(2):68–73
10. Skin Aging and Antioxidant Activity, Hydrogen Water Mask
Kwon, H.-J., Han, S.-B., & Park, K.-W. (2020). Antioxidant activity of hydrogen water mask pack composed of gel-type emulsion and hydrogen generation powder. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(24):9731
11. Heat Retention Effects, Hydrogen Baths
Kato, S., Takada, Y., & Miwa, N. (2021). Heat-retention effects of hydrogen-rich water bath assessed by thermography for humans. Journal of Thermal Biology, 95:102805
12. Acne Vulgaris in Adult Women, Topical Hydrogen Purification
Chilicka, K., Rogowska, A., & Szyguła, R. (2021). Effects of topical hydrogen purification on skin parameters and acne vulgaris in adult women. Healthcare, 9(2):144
13. Hydrogen-Rich Water Improve Wrinkles and Blotches
Yoshiharu T., Nobuhiko M. (2022). Repetitive Bathing and Skin Poultice with Hydrogen-Rich Water Improve Wrinkles and Blotches Together with Modulation of Skin Oiliness and Moisture. Hydrogen, 3(2):161-178
14. Hydrogen-Rich Bath with Nano-Sized Bubbles Improves Antioxidant Capacity
Tanaka Y., Xiao L., Miwa N. (2022). Hydrogen-rich bath with nano-sized bubbles improves antioxidant capacity based on oxygen radical absorbing and inflammation levels in human serum. Med Gas Res 12:91-9
15. Repetitive Bathing and Skin Poultice with Hydrogen-Rich Water Improves Wrinkles and Blotches
Tanaka Y., Miwa N. (2022). Repetitive Bathing and Skin Poultice with Hydrogen-Rich Water Improve Wrinkles and Blotches Together with Modulation of Skin Oiliness and Moisture. Hydrogen, 3(2):161-178
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Despite early and promising results, there are only two clinical trials exploring the benefits of hydrogen therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. One study observed results from high-dose hydrogen water, while the other studied hydrogen-rich saline.
1. Rheumatoid Arthritis, Hydrogen Saline
Ishibashi, T., Sato, B., Shibata, S., Sakai, T., Hara, Y., Naritomi, Y., Koyanagi, S., Hara, H., & Nagao, T. (2014). Therapeutic efficacy of infused molecular hydrogen in saline on rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. International Immunopharmacology, 21(2):468–73
2. Rheumatoid Arthritis, Hydrogen Water
Ishibashi, T., Sato, B., Rikitake, M., Seo, T., Kurokawa, R., Hara, Y., Naritomi, Y., Hara, H., & Nagao, T. (2012). Consumption of water containing a high concentration of molecular hydrogen reduces oxidative stress and disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: An open-label pilot study. Medical Gas Research, 2(1):27
Hydrogen Therapy for Dialysis Patients: Clinical Research and Benefits
Hydrogen therapy is emerging as a promising supportive treatment for patients on dialysis. Current human studies focus on delivering molecular hydrogen via hydrogen-rich saline during hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, aiming to reduce oxidative stress, inflammation, and improve overall patient outcomes. To date, six key publications highlight the potential benefits of this innovative therapy.
1. Peritoneal Dialysis with Hydrogen-Rich Dialysate
Terawaki et al. (2013) explored transperitoneal administration of dissolved hydrogen in peritoneal dialysis patients. Their study demonstrated a significant reduction in oxidative stress within the peritoneal cavity, suggesting a novel approach to improve dialysis outcomes.
Read the full study →
2. Hydrogen Saline for Kidney Dialysis and Inflammation
Nakayama et al. (2010) conducted a clinical trial using a bioactive hemodialysis system with dissolved molecular hydrogen (H₂). Results indicated reduced inflammation and oxidative damage in patients undergoing kidney dialysis.
Read the full study →
3. Low Hydrogen Dialysis Effects
In 2009, Nakayama et al. investigated the biological effects of electrolyzed water in hemodialysis, showing improvements in oxidative stress markers and overall patient stability.
Read the full study →
4. Chronic Hemodialysis Patients: Hydrogen-Rich Dialysis Solutions
Nakayama et al. (2018) reported that hydrogen-enriched dialysis solutions improved long-term prognosis for chronic dialysis patients. This prospective observational study highlights the potential of hydrogen therapy in enhancing dialysis outcomes.
Read the full study →
5. Human Mercaptalbumin Improvement in Hemodialysis
Maeda et al. (2016) demonstrated that hydrogen-dissolved dialysis fluid improved the fraction of human mercaptalbumin in hemodialysis patients, suggesting antioxidant benefits during routine dialysis treatments.
Read the full study →
6. 12-Month Observational Study on Hydrogen Delivery in Dialysis
Nakayama et al. (2017) conducted a 12-month observation of 262 patients receiving H₂-enriched hemodialysis. The interim results revealed potential clinical improvements, supporting the use of hydrogen therapy as a complementary approach in chronic dialysis care.
Read the full study →
Hydrogen Therapy for Reducing Chemotherapy and Radiation Side Effects
Hydrogen therapy is emerging as a promising supportive treatment for reducing side effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy in cancer patients. Clinical studies indicate that hydrogen-rich water may help protect liver function, improve quality of life, and reduce oxidative stress caused by these treatments.
1. Reducing Side Effects in Radiation Therapy Patients
Kang, K.-M., Kang, Y.-N., Choi, I.-B., Gu, Y., Kawamura, T., Toyoda, Y., and Nakao, A. (2011). Effects of drinking hydrogen-rich water on the quality of life of patients treated with radiotherapy for liver tumors. Medical Gas Research, 1(1): 11. Link to study
This study found that patients consuming hydrogen-rich water during radiation therapy experienced improved quality of life and reduced treatment-related side effects.
2. Protecting Liver Function During Chemotherapy
Yang, Q., Ji, G., Pan, R., Zhao, Y., and Yan, P. (2017). Protective effect of hydrogen-rich water on liver function of colorectal cancer patients treated with mFOLFOX6 chemotherapy. Molecular and Clinical Oncology, 7(5): 891–896. Link to study
The study demonstrated that hydrogen water supports liver function and reduces oxidative damage in patients undergoing chemotherapy, helping maintain overall health and treatment tolerance.
Hydrogen Therapy in Cancer Patients
Currently, six studies have been published examining the use of hydrogen therapy in cancer patients, specifically targeting the cancer itself. All three clinical trials utilized hydrogen inhalation as the method of delivery.
1. Colorectal Cancer – Hydrogen Gas Inhalation
2. Stage III and Stage IV Cancer – Cohort Study, Hydrogen Inhalation
3. Gallbladder Cancer – Case Studies, Hydrogen Inhalation
Chen, J.-B., Mu, F., Lu, T., Ma, Y., Du, D., & Xu, K. (2019). A gallbladder carcinoma patient with pseudo-progressive remission after hydrogen inhalation. OncoTargets and Therapy, 12, 8645–8651.
Chen, J.-B., Pan, Z.-B., Du, D.-M., Qian, W., Ma, Y.-Y., Mu, F., & Xu, K.-C. (2019). Hydrogen gas therapy induced shrinkage of metastatic gallbladder cancer: A case report. World Journal of Clinical Cases, 7(15): 2065–2074.
4. Bone Marrow Protection – Hydrogen Inhalation
5. Lung Cancer – Hydrogen Gas
6. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer – Hydrogen Inhalation
Hydrogen Therapy as an Antioxidant in Humans
Four studies have been published that focus specifically on the antioxidant effects of hydrogen therapy in humans. All of these trials used hydrogen-rich water as the method of delivery.
1. Serum Antioxidant Status in Healthy Men – Hydrogen Water
2. Blood Alkalization – Hydrogen Water
3. Reduction in Inflammatory Responses – Hydrogen Water
4. Antioxidant Capacity – Hydrogen Water
Other Human Studies on Molecular Hydrogen
There are 28 additional human studies on molecular hydrogen that do not fit into the previously mentioned categories. These studies explore hydrogen therapy for various health benefits. Among these, 15 trials utilized hydrogen-rich water as the delivery method. While one study did not show statistically significant results, it suggested a potential responder group. Nine studies investigated hydrogen inhalation.
1. Hepatitis B – Hydrogen Water
2. Post-Cardiac Arrest – Hydrogen Inhalation
3. Heart Surgery – Hydrogen Inhalation
4. Mood, Anxiety, and Autonomic Function – Hydrogen Water
5. Periodontitis and Antioxidant Status – Hydrogen Water
6. Blood Alkalization – Hydrogen Water
7. Blood Alkalization in Active Men – Hydrogen Water
8. Painful Bladder Syndrome – Hydrogen Water
9. Gastrointestinal and Sleep Function – Hydrogen Water
10. Tracheal Stenosis – Hydrogen Inhalation
11. GERD – Hydrogen-Rich Water
12. Inflammation and Apoptosis Reduction – Hydrogen Water
13. COVID-19 Severity and Dyspnea – Hydrogen Inhalation
14. Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease – Hydrogen Water
15. Allergic Rhinitis – Hydrogen-Rich Saline
16. Corneal Endothelial Protection During Surgery – Hydrogen in Irrigation Solution
17. Dry Eye Prevention – Hydrogen-Producing Milk
18. Immune Function in Middle-Aged Adults – Hydrogen Inhalation
19. Oxidative Stress Post-Cardiac Arrest – Hydrogen Gas Inhalation
20. Heart Surgery Under Cardiopulmonary Bypass – Hydrogen Inhalation
21. Cardiac Autonomic Activity in Healthy Women – Hydrogen Water
22. Malignant Neuropathic Pain – Hydrogen Water
23. Dry Eye Disease – H2-Generating Supplement
24. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease – Hydrogen Inhalation
25. Aging Biomarkers in Older Adults – Hydrogen Tablets
26. Stool Consistency and Gut Microbiota – Hydrogen-Dissolved Alkaline Electrolyzed Water
27. COVID-19 – Hydrogen Tablets
28. Post-Acute COVID-19 and Chronic Fatigue – Hydrogen Inhalation
29. Alcohol Hangover Relief – Hydrogen Intake
30. Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss – Hydrogen Inhalation
Electrically Reduced Water and Magnesium-Based Supplements for Negative ORP
“Ionized water” or “electrolyzed water” is produced through electrolysis, which dissolves molecular hydrogen (H₂) into the water. This process gives the water a negative oxidation-reduction potential (ORP). Similarly, magnesium-based supplements designed for negative ORP generate molecular hydrogen to achieve the same effect. However, exact dosages and concentrations are not consistently reported, so these studies are considered separately from general molecular hydrogen research.
1. Ionized Water and Diarrhea
Tashiro, H., Hokudo, T., Ono, H., Fujiyama, Y., & Baba, T. (2000). Clinical evaluation of alkaline ionized water for abdominal complaints: Placebo-controlled double-blind tests. Digestion & Absorption.
2. Electrolyzed Reduced Water in Dialysis
Huang, K.-C., Yang, C.-C., Lee, K.-T., & Chien, C.-T. (2003). Reduced hemodialysis-induced oxidative stress in end-stage renal disease patients by electrolyzed reduced water. Kidney International, 64(2), 704–714.
3. Anti-Oxidant Water
Hiraoka, A., Sasaki, S., Yamada, T., Shinohara, A., & Chiba, M. (2006). Effects of drinking a water product with antioxidant activities in vitro on blood levels of biomarkers for oxidative stress. Journal of Health Science, 52(6): 817–820.
Note: Hydrogen gas is cited as the antioxidant, but concentrations are not specified. In vitro results are often higher than what is observed in vivo, and may not translate directly.
4. Electrolyzed Reduced Water in End-Stage Renal Dialysis Patients
Huang, K.-C., Yang, C.-C., Hsu, S.-P., Lee, K.-T., Liu, H.-W., Morisawa, S., Otsubo, K., & Chien, C.-T. (2006). Electrolyzed-reduced water reduced hemodialysis-induced erythrocyte impairment. Kidney International, 70(2), 391–398.
5. Negative Ion Water and Performance
Bittner, A. C., Bittner, R. C. L., Lile, Jr., K., & Sakuragi, Y. (2007). Performance effects of ultra-negative-ion water. DOI: 10.1177/154193120705102604.
6. Alkaline Reduced Water for Diabetes
Yang, E. J., Kim, J. R., Ryang, Y. S., Kim, D. H., Deung, Y. K., Park, S. K., & Lee, K. J. (2007). A clinical trial of orally administered alkaline reduced water. DBpia.
7. Electrolyzed Water in Dialysis
Nakayama, M., Kabayama, S., Nakano, H., Zhu, W.-Z., Terawaki, H., Nakayama, K., Katoh, K., Satoh, T., & Ito, S. (2009). Biological effects of electrolyzed water in hemodialysis. Nephron Clinical Practice, 112(1), c9–15.
8. Electrolyzed Water for End-Stage Renal Dialysis Patients
Huang, K.-C., Hsu, S.-P., Yang, C.-C., Yang, P.-O., Lee, K.-T., Morisawa, S., Otsubo, K., & Chien, C.-T. (2010). Electrolyzed-reduced water dialysate improves T-cell damage in chronic hemodialysis patients. Nephrology Dialysis, Transplantation, 25(8), 2730–2737.
9. Negative ORP Blend and Magnesium-Based Sports Performance
Ostojic, S. (2011). Drinks with alkaline negative oxidative reduction potential improve exercise performance in physically active men and women: Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial. Serbian Journal of Sports Sciences, 5(3), 83–89.
10. Hydrogen-Containing Ionized Water
Tanaka, Y., Saihara, Y., Izumotani, K., & Nakamur, H. (2018). Daily ingestion of alkaline electrolyzed water containing hydrogen affects human health, including gastrointestinal symptoms. Medical Gas Research, 8(4), 160–166.
11. Electrolyzed Water and Type 2 Diabetes
Rias, Y. A., Kurniawan, A. L., Chang, C. W., Gordon, C. J., & Tsai, H. T. (2020). Combining regular walking and alkaline electrolyzed water reduces inflammation and oxidative stress while improving quality of life in type 2 diabetes: A community-based RCT. Antioxidants, 9(10), 946.
12. Additional Human Studies
For more studies on hydrogen and reduced water, see Molecular Hydrogen Institute Human Studies. Some studies listed here do not have accessible journals and may not have been published in English:
Fujiyama, Y. & Kitahora, T. (2004). Alkaline electrolytic water (alkali ions water) for drinking water in medicine. Mizu no Tokusei to Atarashii Riyo Gijutsu, Enu-Ti-Esu, Tokyo, 348–457.
Lee, K.J., et al. (2004). Effect of electrolyzed-reduced water: In vivo and in vitro examination and clinical trials, 3rd Asia Pacific Conference on Evidence-Based Medicine, Hong Kong.
Lu, K. C., et al. (2006). Electrolyzed reduced water attenuates hemodialysis-induced mononuclear cell apoptosis in end-stage renal disease patients. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, 21, 200–201.
Yeung, L. K., et al. (2006). Effect of electrolyzed reduced water during hemodialysis on peripheral lymphocyte intracellular cytokine expression. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, 21, 204–204.
Magnesium Implants and Their Biodegradation
Research on biodegradable magnesium implants highlights that as these implants degrade, molecular hydrogen is released. Some studies even track hydrogen gas production to monitor implant degradation. However, most research does not explore the potential therapeutic benefits of this hydrogen. Consequently, details such as magnesium mass required to estimate hydrogen production or the reaction rate are generally not reported. These studies remain important for future consideration in the context of molecular hydrogen therapy.
Key Reference:
Zhao, D., Wu, J., Chou, D.-T., Hoagland, W., Benson, D., Dong, Z., Kumta, P. N., & Heineman, W. R. (2020). Visual hydrogen mapping sensor for noninvasive monitoring of bioresorbable magnesium implants in vivo. JOM, 72, 1851–1858.
1. Biodegradation Mechanism of Magnesium Alloys
Lee, J.-W., Han, H.-S., Han, K.-J., Park, J., Jeon, H., Ok, M.-R., Seok, H.-K., Ahn, J.-P., Lee, K. E., Lee, D.-H., Yang, S.-J., Cho, S.-Y., Cha, P.-R., Kwon, H., Nam, T.-H., Han, J. H. L., Rho, H.-J., Lee, K.-S., Kim, Y.-C., & Mantovani, D. (2016). Long-term clinical study and multiscale analysis of in vivo biodegradation mechanism of magnesium alloys. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(3), 716–721.
2. Magnesium Screws in Hallux Valgus Surgery
Plaass, C., Ettinger, S., Sonnow, L., Koenneker, S., Noll, Y., Weizbauer, A., Reifenrath, J., Claassen, L., Daniilidis, K., Stukenborg-Colsman, C., & Windhagen, H. (2016). Early results using a biodegradable magnesium screw for modified chevron osteotomies. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 34(12), 2207–2214.
3. Magnesium Implants for Fixation of Distal Metatarsal Osteotomies
Plaass, C., von Falck, C., Ettinger, S., Sonnow, L., Calderone, F., Weizbauer, A., Reifenrath, J., Claassen, L., Waizy, H., Daniilidis, K., Stukenborg-Colsman, C., & Windhagen, H. (2018). Bioabsorbable magnesium versus titanium compression screws: 3-year results for distal metatarsal osteotomies. Journal of Orthopaedic Science, 23(2), 321–327.
4. Biodegradable Magnesium Screws in Vascularized Bone Grafts
Zhao, D., Huang, S., Lu, F., Wang, B., Yang, L., Qin, L., Yang, K., Li, Y., Li, W., Wang, W., Tian, S., Zhang, X., Gao, W., Wang, Z., Zhang, Y., Xie, X., Wang, J., & Li, J. (2016). Vascularized bone grafting stabilized by biodegradable magnesium screws for femoral head osteonecrosis. Biomaterials, 81, 84–92.
5. Biodegradable Magnesium Screws for Femoral Neck Fractures in Young Adults
Yu, X., Zhao, D., Huang, S., Wang, B., Zhang, X., Wang, W., & Wei, X. (2015). Biodegradable magnesium screws and vascularized iliac grafting for displaced femoral neck fractures in young adults. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 16, 329.
6. Magnesium-Ion Integrated Titanium Implants and Bone Healing
Hieu, P. D., Baek, D. H., Park, D. S., Park, J.-T., & Hong, K. S. (2013). Stability of magnesium-incorporated titanium implants during early bone healing. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, 24(5), 1552–1557.
7. Biodegradable Magnesium Screws in Hallux Valgus Surgery
Windhagen, H., Radtke, K., Weizbauer, A., Diekmann, J., Noll, Y., Kreimeyer, U., Schavan, R., Stukenborg-Colsman, C., & Waizy, H. (2013). Clinical equivalence of biodegradable magnesium screws to titanium screws in hallux valgus surgery: A short-term randomized controlled pilot study. Biomedical Engineering Online, 12, 62.
8. Magnesium-Enriched Hydroxyapatite and Bone Regeneration
Canullo, L., Heinemann, F., Gedrange, T., Biffar, R., & Kunert-Keil, C. (2013). Histological outcomes following extraction site augmentation with magnesium-enriched hydroxyapatite: A double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 24(4), 398–406.
9. Bioabsorbable Magnesium Coronary Stents
Erbel, R., Di Mario, C., Bartunek, J., Bonnier, J., de Bruyne, B., Eberli, F. R., Erne, P., Haude, M., Heublein, B., Horrigan, M., Ilsley, C., Böse, D., Koolen, J., Lüscher, T. F., Weissman, N., & Waksman, R. (2007). Temporary scaffolding of coronary arteries with bioabsorbable magnesium stents: A prospective, non-randomized multicenter trial. Lancet, 369(9576), 1869–1875.
A Selection of Review Articles on Molecular Hydrogen Therapy
Metabolic and Cardiovascular Health
LeBaron, T. W., Kura, B., Kalocayova, B., Tribulova, N., & Slezák, J. (2019). A novel approach to preventing and treating cardiovascular disorders: Molecular hydrogen significantly reduces oxidative stress effects. Molecules, 24(11): 2076.
Zhang, Y., Tan, S., Xu, J., & Wang, T. (2018). Hydrogen therapy in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases: Translating findings from research to clinical applications. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, 47, 1–10.
Alzheimer’s Disease and Neurological Disorders
Tan, X., Shen, F., Dong, W.-L., Yang, Y., & Chen, G. (2018). Investigating the role of hydrogen in Alzheimer’s disease. Medical Gas Research, 8(4): 176–180.
Ono, H., Nishijima, Y., Sakamoto, M., et al. (2018). Pilot study on therapeutic inhalation of hydrogen gas for Alzheimer’s patients: Cognitive assessments and MRI diffusion tensor imaging results. International Journal of Alzheimers & Neurological Disorders, 1(1): 004.
Dohi, K., Satoh, K., Miyamoto, K., et al. (2017). Protective mechanisms and administration routes of molecular hydrogen in acute and chronic neurological conditions. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, 61(1): 1–5.
Iketani, M., & Ohsawa, I. (2017). Molecular hydrogen as a neuroprotective agent. Current Neuropharmacology, 15(2): 324–331.
Exercise Performance
LeBaron, T. W., Laher, I., Kura, B., & Slezák, J. (2019). Hydrogen gas as a novel ergogenic aid: From clinical medicine to sports applications. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 97(9).
Radiation Injury
Kura, B., Bagchi, A. K., Singal, P. K., et al. (2018). Molecular hydrogen’s potential in reducing oxidative stress-related radiation injury. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 97(4).
Sepsis
Qiu, P., Liu, Y., & Zhang, J. (2019). Advances in molecular hydrogen research for sepsis treatment. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 15(6): 1261–1275.
Emergency and Critical Care Medicine
Sano, M., Suzuki, M., Homma, K., et al. (2017). Promising applications of hydrogen gas in emergency and critical care. Acute Medicine & Surgery.
Yang, M., Zhang, Z., Gao, B., Liu, L., & Hu, T. (2017). Hydrogen therapy for multiple organ dysfunction syndrome induced by influenza and other viral infections. SOJ Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 5(2): 1–6.
General Reviews
Ichihara, M., Sobue, S., Ito, M., Hirayama, M., & Ohno, K. (2015). Comprehensive review of 321 original articles on molecular hydrogen’s biological effects and mechanisms. Medical Gas Research, 5:12.
Dixon, B. J., Tang, J., & Zhang, J. H. (2013). The evolution of molecular hydrogen as a therapeutic agent with clinical significance. Medical Gas Research, 3(1):10.
Nicolson, G. L., Ferreira de Mattos, G., Settineri, R., et al. (2016). Clinical effects of hydrogen administration: Applications from animal models to human exercise medicine. International Journal of Clinical Medicine, 7(1).
Li, H.-M., Shen, L., Ge, J.-W., & Zhang, R.-F. (2018). Converting hydrogen from an inert gas to a therapeutic gas: Mechanisms and potential. Medical Gas Research, 7(4): 265–272.
For basic research in rodents and cell cultures, please refer to:
Molecular Hydrogen Institute – Studies